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Thread: TCP/IP Dissected Part-1

  1. #1
    Senior Member
    Join Date
    Nov 2001
    Posts
    119

    Post TCP/IP Dissected Part-1

    /* TCP/IP Dissected */
    /* Part -1 */
    /* Coded by BlackMask */
    /* Wed Oct 30 13:39:46 IST 2002 */

    Introduction :-
    ~~~~~~~~~~
    Hi friends here is the first part of my tutorial on TCP/IP. Hope you will enjoy
    it. Suggestions and comments are welcome. This part explains the basics of
    data transmission/communication.

    Data Transmission :-
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Data communication is mainly concerned with the transmission of digital
    information between two Data Terminal Equipments(DTE = communicating parties).
    The DTE's must also exchange control messages besides data to ensure the
    correctness od the data transmitted/received. Error correction is one of the
    main things that is of primary concern while transferring data.
    There are three types of communication modes -
    o Simplex - In this data is transmitted in one direction only. This refers to
    one way and is not used for interactive communication. This mode
    is used in data logging systems.
    o Half-Duplex - In this mode data can be transmitted in both directions but
    only one at a time. The DTEs must be able to switch between
    sender and receiver modes after each transmission. This too is
    not so interactive and is used in places where data transfer
    is needed only in response to a request from one party.
    o Duplex - Also called full-duplex, data transmission can occur in both
    directions simultaneously. Used in places where interactive data
    transfer is needed. This is used in telephone networks.
    Data is normally transmitted between two DTEs in multiples of fixed length
    unit, usually 8-bits. If the file being transferred is a plain data file then
    the data being transferred consists of binary-encoded characters and if its a
    compiled object code then the data transferred will be made up of a block of
    8-bit bytes(frame). This data is transferred over the medium in bit-serial
    mode ,bit-by-bit.As we said earlier we also pass control characters along with
    the message.This characters determine the start and stop of the message,frame
    and the characters.Each bit transmitted consists of a start bit and a stop
    bit.This is necessary for the receiving end in-order to decode the data being
    received correctly. This is known as bit synchronization. The receiver has to
    achieve bit synchronization, character synchronization and frame
    synchronization to decode and interpret the data being received correctly.(all
    these synchronizations are used to find the start and end of the corresponding
    entities.).Two types of transmission modes used are
    o Asynchronous transmission - This is main;y used in transmitting data between
    the keyboard and the computer, but it is also
    used to send blocks of characters between
    computers.Here characters are transmitted one
    after the other.Each has its own start and stop
    bits for character synchronization. As blocks of
    data are transmitted the receiver must be able
    to understand the start and end of each
    frame,which is known as character
    synchronization.When transmitting blocks of plain
    printable characters they are encapsulated
    between special non-printable control characters
    STX(start-of-text) and ETX(end-of-text).This is
    easily interpreted by the receiver as the
    original data consists only of printable
    characters.In the case of compiled binaries this
    is not sufficient as the data may contain the
    same control characters, as a part, which are used
    to mark the start and end.So here we use another
    control character known as Data-Link Escape(DLE)
    in front of the control characters to mark the
    start and end.I see a doubt arising in your mind
    now.Yes what if the DLE appears as a part of the
    binaries.this is overcome by adding a DLE in
    front of that.Whenever the receiver sees a DLE
    it checks whether the next character is a DLE or
    STX/ETX, if its a DLE then the receiver discards
    it and when it is a ETX or STX the receiver can
    reliably take it as the start or end of frame.
    This is known as bit-stuffing.Now think why we
    use 'ascii' and 'binary' commands on the ftp
    prompt while using it to download something.This
    is just a vague description of what is done
    during transmission and interpret it as the
    actual process.
    o Synchronous transmission - due to the use of additional start and stop bits
    in asynchronous mode its inefficient in its use
    of transmission capacity.In synchronous mode no
    start and stop bits are used, instead the block
    of data is transmitted an a contiguous stream of
    binary digits.Here also the receiver has to
    achieve bit,character and frame
    synchronization.I am not gonna explain it this
    time as they are far more complex than the
    earlier one.If you need more information o this
    get some book on communication or search the
    net.
    Error detection :-
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
    As the data are transmitted through the transmission lines it is highly prone
    to errors due to interference of electrical signals or due to noise.A slight
    change in the signal can cause the data being received to be interpreted as
    something else.So we employ mechanism for detecting errors and to correct
    them.Two approaches used for this are
    1) Forward error control in which the frame contains additional information so
    that the receiver can detect the error and also determine where it is located.
    2) Feedback error control - in this additional information tells the receiver
    whether an error has occurred or not.On detecting an error the receiver
    requests for another copy of the data.
    One of the common ways for detecting bit-errors is by including a parity bit
    to each transmitted character prior to transmission.The scheme uses either
    even parity or odd parity.In even parity the number of one bits in the
    character are added together and if its an odd value a one bit(parity) is
    added to make the total one-bits even.If the value is even no parity bit is
    added.So a change is easily detected by the receiver.But this does not detect
    2-bit errors.In such cases we use polynomial codes.These are used with frame
    transmission schemes.A single set of check digits is generated for each frame
    transmitted.this is attached to the end of the frame.At the receiver side a
    similar computation is made on the frame received.this is then compared with
    the code attached with the frame.If there is a change, there is an error.The
    check digits are usually 16 or 32 bits and are called Cyclic Redundancy Check
    (CRC) digits.
    Data Compression :-
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Till now we assumed that the contents of transmitted frames consisted of the
    original data in the form of strings of bytes.Although this is the case with
    most of the data communication applications, there are others in which the
    source data is compressed before being transmitted.This is done in public
    switched data networks (PSDN).This is done to save transmission costs.These
    compressions are done using data compression algorithms.Some of the modems now
    offer an adaptive compression feature which selects compression algorithms to
    suit the type of data being transmitted.One compression is method is by using
    packed decimal.If the data being transmitted consists only numbers then we can
    reduce the number of bits per character from seven to four by using BCD(Binary
    coded decimal) instead of ASCII.For example the 10 numeric digits (0-9) all
    have a 011 in their higher-order bit positions.So this need not be transmitted
    if the data consists of only numbers.Another method is relative encoding in
    which if the successive values in numeric data only differ by a small amount,
    only the magnitude difference and a reference value is transmitted.Another
    popular method is Huffman encoding.It exploits the that not all symbols in a
    transmitted frame occur with the same frequency.An entirely different encoding
    is used here.The more common characters are encoded using fewer bits than less
    frequent characters.

    Conclusion :-
    ~~~~~~~~~
    Hope you got some idea about communication.I know that this got a bit long but i
    couldn't help it.

    ^@@^

  2. #2
    Senior Member
    Join Date
    Nov 2001
    Posts
    119

    Post TCP/IP Dissected Part-1

    /* TCP/IP Dissected */
    /* Part -1 */
    /* Coded by BlackMask */
    /* Wed Oct 30 13:39:46 IST 2002 */

    Introduction :-
    ~~~~~~~~~~
    Hi friends here is the first part of my tutorial on TCP/IP. Hope you will enjoy
    it. Suggestions and comments are welcome. This part explains the basics of
    data transmission/communication.

    Data Transmission :-
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Data communication is mainly concerned with the transmission of digital
    information between two Data Terminal Equipments(DTE = communicating parties).
    The DTE's must also exchange control messages besides data to ensure the
    correctness od the data transmitted/received. Error correction is one of the
    main things that is of primary concern while transferring data.
    There are three types of communication modes -
    o Simplex - In this data is transmitted in one direction only. This refers to
    one way and is not used for interactive communication. This mode
    is used in data logging systems.
    o Half-Duplex - In this mode data can be transmitted in both directions but
    only one at a time. The DTEs must be able to switch between
    sender and receiver modes after each transmission. This too is
    not so interactive and is used in places where data transfer
    is needed only in response to a request from one party.
    o Duplex - Also called full-duplex, data transmission can occur in both
    directions simultaneously. Used in places where interactive data
    transfer is needed. This is used in telephone networks.
    Data is normally transmitted between two DTEs in multiples of fixed length
    unit, usually 8-bits. If the file being transferred is a plain data file then
    the data being transferred consists of binary-encoded characters and if its a
    compiled object code then the data transferred will be made up of a block of
    8-bit bytes(frame). This data is transferred over the medium in bit-serial
    mode ,bit-by-bit.As we said earlier we also pass control characters along with
    the message.This characters determine the start and stop of the message,frame
    and the characters.Each bit transmitted consists of a start bit and a stop
    bit.This is necessary for the receiving end in-order to decode the data being
    received correctly. This is known as bit synchronization. The receiver has to
    achieve bit synchronization, character synchronization and frame
    synchronization to decode and interpret the data being received correctly.(all
    these synchronizations are used to find the start and end of the corresponding
    entities.).Two types of transmission modes used are
    o Asynchronous transmission - This is main;y used in transmitting data between
    the keyboard and the computer, but it is also
    used to send blocks of characters between
    computers.Here characters are transmitted one
    after the other.Each has its own start and stop
    bits for character synchronization. As blocks of
    data are transmitted the receiver must be able
    to understand the start and end of each
    frame,which is known as character
    synchronization.When transmitting blocks of plain
    printable characters they are encapsulated
    between special non-printable control characters
    STX(start-of-text) and ETX(end-of-text).This is
    easily interpreted by the receiver as the
    original data consists only of printable
    characters.In the case of compiled binaries this
    is not sufficient as the data may contain the
    same control characters, as a part, which are used
    to mark the start and end.So here we use another
    control character known as Data-Link Escape(DLE)
    in front of the control characters to mark the
    start and end.I see a doubt arising in your mind
    now.Yes what if the DLE appears as a part of the
    binaries.this is overcome by adding a DLE in
    front of that.Whenever the receiver sees a DLE
    it checks whether the next character is a DLE or
    STX/ETX, if its a DLE then the receiver discards
    it and when it is a ETX or STX the receiver can
    reliably take it as the start or end of frame.
    This is known as bit-stuffing.Now think why we
    use 'ascii' and 'binary' commands on the ftp
    prompt while using it to download something.This
    is just a vague description of what is done
    during transmission and interpret it as the
    actual process.
    o Synchronous transmission - due to the use of additional start and stop bits
    in asynchronous mode its inefficient in its use
    of transmission capacity.In synchronous mode no
    start and stop bits are used, instead the block
    of data is transmitted an a contiguous stream of
    binary digits.Here also the receiver has to
    achieve bit,character and frame
    synchronization.I am not gonna explain it this
    time as they are far more complex than the
    earlier one.If you need more information o this
    get some book on communication or search the
    net.
    Error detection :-
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
    As the data are transmitted through the transmission lines it is highly prone
    to errors due to interference of electrical signals or due to noise.A slight
    change in the signal can cause the data being received to be interpreted as
    something else.So we employ mechanism for detecting errors and to correct
    them.Two approaches used for this are
    1) Forward error control in which the frame contains additional information so
    that the receiver can detect the error and also determine where it is located.
    2) Feedback error control - in this additional information tells the receiver
    whether an error has occurred or not.On detecting an error the receiver
    requests for another copy of the data.
    One of the common ways for detecting bit-errors is by including a parity bit
    to each transmitted character prior to transmission.The scheme uses either
    even parity or odd parity.In even parity the number of one bits in the
    character are added together and if its an odd value a one bit(parity) is
    added to make the total one-bits even.If the value is even no parity bit is
    added.So a change is easily detected by the receiver.But this does not detect
    2-bit errors.In such cases we use polynomial codes.These are used with frame
    transmission schemes.A single set of check digits is generated for each frame
    transmitted.this is attached to the end of the frame.At the receiver side a
    similar computation is made on the frame received.this is then compared with
    the code attached with the frame.If there is a change, there is an error.The
    check digits are usually 16 or 32 bits and are called Cyclic Redundancy Check
    (CRC) digits.
    Data Compression :-
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Till now we assumed that the contents of transmitted frames consisted of the
    original data in the form of strings of bytes.Although this is the case with
    most of the data communication applications, there are others in which the
    source data is compressed before being transmitted.This is done in public
    switched data networks (PSDN).This is done to save transmission costs.These
    compressions are done using data compression algorithms.Some of the modems now
    offer an adaptive compression feature which selects compression algorithms to
    suit the type of data being transmitted.One compression is method is by using
    packed decimal.If the data being transmitted consists only numbers then we can
    reduce the number of bits per character from seven to four by using BCD(Binary
    coded decimal) instead of ASCII.For example the 10 numeric digits (0-9) all
    have a 011 in their higher-order bit positions.So this need not be transmitted
    if the data consists of only numbers.Another method is relative encoding in
    which if the successive values in numeric data only differ by a small amount,
    only the magnitude difference and a reference value is transmitted.Another
    popular method is Huffman encoding.It exploits the that not all symbols in a
    transmitted frame occur with the same frequency.An entirely different encoding
    is used here.The more common characters are encoded using fewer bits than less
    frequent characters.

    Conclusion :-
    ~~~~~~~~~
    Hope you got some idea about communication.I know that this got a bit long but i
    couldn't help it.

    ^@@^

  3. #3
    It's a gas!
    Join Date
    Jul 2002
    Posts
    699
    Alot of info there, v. hard on the eyes!

    Where is the source for this?

    Regards

    r3b00+

  4. #4
    It's a gas!
    Join Date
    Jul 2002
    Posts
    699
    Alot of info there, v. hard on the eyes!

    Where is the source for this?

    Regards

    r3b00+

  5. #5
    Senior Member
    Join Date
    Nov 2001
    Posts
    119
    Source ? You mean from where did i get it.We study this and a lot more as a part of my course.
    BTW TCP/IP is not a part of it.I love networking and all the stuff.So i studied it myself.

  6. #6
    Senior Member
    Join Date
    Nov 2001
    Posts
    119
    Source ? You mean from where did i get it.We study this and a lot more as a part of my course.
    BTW TCP/IP is not a part of it.I love networking and all the stuff.So i studied it myself.

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