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Knowing the IP address of a machine:
1) how do you know what type of OS it is running?
2) how do you break into it and place some program on that machine which record the keystrokes and send it back to your machine. Exactly how do you break in through an open port? Everyone said to scan for open port yet I cant find any info on how to exactly break in via an open port.
1) Once you've done a scan and found the open ports, you try and probe the ports and see what info you get back that could tell you about the OS. For example if ports 137, 138 and 139 are open, it's a safe bet that you've found a windows box. Also if port 80 is open, it's probably running a web server so try and grab a HTTP header. If it's running Apache it's probably a *nix box, if it's running IIS it's a Win* box. This is just for example. There are many ways that you can try to find out the OS a box is running.